Element sentences & tenses in english
Element Sentence In English
1. Subject
The
subject is one sentence element in the form of words or groups of words related
to the sentence. This subject is usually, but not necessarily, placed at the
beginning of the sentence. The subject can be interpreted as an actor in a
sentence, this subject can be a person, object or animal.
Example
:
·
A
woman (seorang wanita)
·
Three
elephants (tiga gajah)
·
Money (uang)
·
Some
audiences (beberapa penonton)
·
Ali
is reading a newspaper. siapa? (who?)
·
The
bell rings loudly. apa? (what)
2. Verb
Verbs
are words that describe the subject itself or indicate an event and condition,
verb is part of part of speech like Noun (noun) or adjective (adjective) and so
forth.
Example
:
·
Aldo drives his father’s car.
Explanation: Drives
here are verbs that describe the subject (Aldo) who is driving his father's
car.
·
The fires burnt all the
houses.
Explanation: Burnt here
is a verb that describes a sebjek (the fire) that is burning houses.
3. Complement
That
is the word used to complete sentences that have predicate in the form of to be
or complete linking verb. Complement can be noun, adjective or adverb.
Example
:
a. After
to be
§ I
am a student.
§ She
is here.
b. After
linking verbs
§ Jim
feels guilt.
§ The
soup tastes delicious.
c. After
transitive verbs (verbs that don't need objects) like make and find.
§ He
makes me crazy.
§ I
find it difficult.
4. Modifier
Modifier
is a word, phrase or clause in English that has the function as an adjective or
adverb that explains another word or group of words.
Example
:
·
My father bought a new car.
(Adjective)
·
I accidentally hit
a goat. (Adverb)
·
My brother caught a
mouse smaller than a spoon. (Adjective Phrase)
·
Mailia put the book on the
table. (Prepositional Phrase)
·
Marina lift a box which was
bigger than her body. (Adjective Clause)
Tenses In
English
1. PRESENT
A.
Present Tense
In
English Simple Present Tense is used to state events or events, activities,
activities and so on that are happening right now. Simple Present Tense is also
used to state a fact or something that happens repeatedly in the present.
Remember Present means now or now.
The
formula:
§ Positive:
S + V1 (s / es)
§ Negative:
S + Do / Does + Not + V1
§ Question:
Do / does + S + V1
Formula
Description:
S:
subject (the person we're talking about)
V1:
Verb 1 (First form of verb
Examples
of Positive Sentences:
·
I drink
coffee
·
She drinks
coffee
·
We drink
coffee
For third-person singles (She, He, it, Budi, Jhon etc.) then the verb will experience changes that are added to s or ice. The addition of the verb is in accordance with the letter that starts and ends so that the verb is not added to s or ice.
B.
Present Perfect Tense
Tense
(form of time) begins with 2 words, present, which means now, now, perfect
means perfect, already, done, just finished ". So in this section we will
learn how to make sentences that have been completed and actually completed
100% worked.
The
formula:
§ Positive: S + Have / Has + V3
§ Negative: S + Have / Has + Not + V3
§ Question: Have / Has + S + V3
If the subject is "I", "You",
"They", "We" and "Kandi & Julham" then we
will use "Have", but if the subject is "She",
"He", "It", "Kandi "," Budi "or the
name of another person with only one name, then we use" Has ".
Example:
§ Positive: She has gone?
§ Negative: She has not gone?
§ Question: Has she gone
To learn verb changes you should learn regular virb
and irregular virb so you don't get confused why go can turn into gone.
Another example :
·
I have written
English lesson for 30 minutes
·
Kandi and
Jullham have read my book since 9 AM
·
Kandi has
cleaned the floor
·
He drunk milk
·
You have just
broken the glass
C.
Present Continuous Tense
Present
Continuous Tense is used to declare, say a work that is being done or happening
at this time.
The formula:
§ Positive:
S + Tobe + Ving
§ Negative:
S + Tobe + Not + Ving
§ Question:
tobe + S + Ving
|
SUBJECT
|
TOBE
|
|
I
|
Am
|
|
You
They
We
Budi & Jhon
|
Are
|
|
She
He
It
Budi
Jhon
|
is
|
"Ving"
means Verb + ing If the subject is "I" then to "Am", if
"You", "they", "we '," kandi and Julham
"then the tobe is" Are "but if the subject is" She
"," He "," It "," Budi "then tobe used is
is.
Example:
Positive Sentences
·
i am writing now
·
You are reading my article at present
·
She is waiting for you
Negative
Sentence, to make a negative sentence in the Present Continuous Tense we just
need to add the word NOT after Tobe.
·
i am not waiting now.
·
You are not reading my article at
present.
·
She isn't waiting for you.
Question
Sent Present continuous, to make a question sentence in a continuous present
you must begin with tobe instead of the subject being discussed.
·
Are you reading now?
·
Are you writing now?
·
Is she waiting for?
·
Am I losing a book now?
You
can also use the 5W + 1 H question words What, Where, Which, Why, Who and How
·
What are you waiting now?
·
What are you reading?
·
Who is she waiting for?
Present
Continuous in every meaning of the word states is moderate, but it does not
mean that every sentence that has a medium word is present continuous could be
the time of yesterday's occurrence so that it is included in the Past
Continuous Tense.
D.
Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
These tenses are
used to declare an event / event that has already happened and is still ongoing
and even very likely this event will continue. From the past until now, now
even later, 2 hours ago, a century ago, a few minutes ago, what distinguishes
it between the Present Pefect Continuous Tense and the Present Continuous Tense
is the period of time that an event occurs.
Formula :
§ Positive:
S + Have / Has + Been + Ving
§ Negative:
S + Have / Has + Not + Been + Ving
§ Question:
Have / Has + S + Been + Ving
Example:
·
She has been learning English for 3
years
·
I have been teching English since last
year
·
They have been touring since yesterday
2. PAST
TENSE
A.
Simple Past Tense
Tense
explains the events that occur or actions, actions and / or work done in the
past in a simple form and also known when the event or work is done
Formula
:
§ Positive: S + V2
§ Negative: S + did + Not + V2
§ Question: Did + S + V2
Used to declare an action completed in the past.
·
I saw a good
movie last night
·
He went to Medan
last week
·
She came here
yesterday
Note: To facilitate learning the sentence structure
in the past tense, memorize irregular verbs
B.
Past Continuous Tense
State
the events or actions that were taking place in the past when another event
took place.
Formula
:
§ Positive: S + Was / Were + Ving
§ Negative: S + Was / Were + Not + Ving
§ Question: Was / Were + S + Ving
We
/ You / They Were + Ving
I
/ He / She / It Was + Ving
State the action that was started and is still
ongoing when another action follows in the past.
For example:
·
While I was
bathing in the river I heard a fearul cry.
·
When you called
me, I was listening to the radio
·
They were
talking about sports when I met them
State the actions that were happening in the past
·
He was watching
television all afternoon yesterday
C.
Past Perfect Tense
Explain
an action that has been done in the past, or describes two events that have
occurred, but explains which event occurred first.
Formula
:
§ Positive: S + Had + V3
§ Negative: S + Had + Not + V3
§ Question: Had + S + V3
Used
to declare an action that was completed before before another action was done
in the past. For example consider the following two events:
·
On Sunday
morning, I painted my car.(Simple Past Tense)
·
At lunch-time,
my brother arrived.(Simple Past Tense)
But
to combine the two events, we use Past Perfect Tense.
·
When my brother
arrived, I had painted my car
In conclusion, the Past Perfect Tense must be used
when a past act is more past another. The first act is completed we use Past
Perfect Tense and the second act we use Simple Past Tense.
For
example:
·
The train had
left before I arrived.
·
I had copied the
lesson before she came home.
·
She told me her
name after I had asked her twice.
D.
Past Perfect Continuous
Tense
State the
actions that have begun and are still ongoing in the past.
Formula :
§ Positive:
S + Had + Been + Ving
§ Negative:
S + Had + Not + Been + Ving
§ Question:
Had + S + Been + Ving
This
form is used to show actions that have continued in the past.
For
example:
·
When I finished my dinner, Peter had
been playing chess.
·
When I came to Surabaya in 1980, he had been
living there about five years.
3.
FUTURE TENSE
A. Simple Future Tense
Formula
:
§ Positive:
S + Shall / Will + V1 (Infinitive)
§ Negative:
S + Shall / Will + Not + V1 (Infinitive)
§ Question:
Shall / Will + S + V1 (Infinitive)
I / WE: Shall + V1
You / They / He / She / it: Will +
V1
Used
to declare an act that will be done in the future.
For
example:
·
He will post the letter
·
I shall go to Berastagi tomorrow
Used
to make an appointment in the future.
For
example:
·
He will meet you by ten
·
She will help you with your home work
tomorrow
·
He will give you a good dictionary if
you go with him
·
Will you please help me to get the book.
B.
Future Continuous Tense
Formula :
§ Positive:
S + Shall / Will + Be + Ving
§ Negative:
S + Shall / Will + Not + Be + Ving
§ Question:
Shall / Will + S + Be + Ving
Used to indicate an
action that is going to happen.
·
I shall be working at nine oclock
tomorrow morning
·
At this time next year, you will be
traveling in Japan.
C.
Future Perfect Tense
Formula
:
§ Positive:
S + Shall / Will + Have + V3
§ Negative:
S + Shall / Will + Not + Have + V3
§ Question:
Shall / Will + S + Have + V3 Shall / Will + Have + Past Participle
Used to declare an act
that has been started in the past and is finished immediately in the future For
example:
·
Kandi will have his work done by the end
of this week
·
By the week I shall have read this book.
D.
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
Formula :
§ Positive:
S + Shall / Will + Have + Been + Ving
§ Negative:
S + Shall / Will + Not + Have + Been + Ving
§ Question:
Shall / Will + S + Have + Been + Ving
"I" and "we" Use
"Shall", While "You, They, She, He, It" use
"Will"
Understanding
the future Perfect Continuous Tense is a perfect future but the action may
continue at a later time.
For
example:
·
By the end of this year we shall have
been studying German for three years.
·
By New years I would have been Joining
with Gemma Agara Orgranization for a year
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